The concept map — what this folder must explain

5G Systems Notes · The concept map The route · Hub · NR 1 · NR 2 · NR 3 · Simulator ↗

A note on PDSCH cannot stop to explain HARQ, and a note on sounding cannot stop to explain CSI. So every note leans on ideas it does not define — and until they are written down somewhere, that debt is invisible.

This page is the ledger. It lists every concept the notes use, says whether it has actually been explained and where, gives the specification clause it comes from, and — for the ones still owed — says what a note on it would have to cover and which file it belongs in.

In one line. Nothing on this page is typed by hand except the judgements. The widget scans every note for every term on every page load, so the mention counts, the "used in" column and the disagreement warnings are always current. terms.json holds only what a scan cannot work out.

The three states, and what they mean for a reader.

explained — there is a section of its own, in a note that exists, and the link in the table goes straight to it. You can follow it and come back.

partial — it is used and partly explained, but inside another subject's note and from that note's angle only. Good enough to keep reading; not good enough to learn the concept from.

not yet — the notes use it and nothing here defines it. If you hit one of these and are lost, that is the folder's fault, not yours.

There are no not yet entries left, and every concept has a file of its own — true since 26 August 2026, and still true after the core and device layers were added on 28 August 2026, which brought 46 concepts and three themes with their own pages and reference notes. Each row below links to term-<name>.md: the definition, the clause, what must be learned first, what it unlocks, and which notes use it.

The eleven group notes remain as the narrative — they read a group as one argument and link out to the pages. Six on the radio: modulation, the stack, channels, signals, space and system. Five on the rest of the system: the core, sessions, identity, device state and mobility.

That is a floor, not a ceiling. A reference section explains a concept well enough to keep reading; a deep note explains it well enough to work with, the way PDSCH does for the downlink shared channel. The deep notes still to come are on the track page, and when one is written the entry here simply re-points at it.

This page is a map. If you want a road, it is the route.

A map shows the whole shape at once, which is the right thing once you know where you are — but it never says you are here, and it never says now this one. The route takes exactly these concepts, flattens the hierarchy below into one numbered order, and links each entry straight at its own page. Every concept's page then carries its own step number, the two concepts either side of it, and the ones it unlocks a level up, so the walk continues from wherever you happen to be.

Same data, same ordering function — the route is this page's hierarchy read left to right, not a second opinion about it.

What is on this page, in the order it is useful.

1 · The themes — the eleven subjects the folder is made of, each with the concept to start from and the note that develops it.

2 · The hierarchy — what to learn before what, by level, split by theme inside each level.

3 · Worked paths — before X, learn these, for any concept.

4 · Index — A to Z of every concept and every other name it goes by, so a word met in a note can be looked up.

5 · Everything tracked — the full registry: clause, state, level, prerequisites, where it is explained, how often it is used.

6 · What each note assumes — the other direction: given a note, which concepts it leans on.

7 · How this is kept honest — the checks, and how to add a concept.

Everything here has an address, and the addresses are stable. Link at any of them from a note, from the tracker, or from outside the folder:

To link at Write
one concept's own page term-pdsch.md#top
its row in the registry terms.md#pdsch — the key from terms.json
one level of the hierarchy terms.md#level-7
one level of the route learn.md#level-7 — the walkable view of the same level
one theme terms.md#group-signal — grid, stack, channel, signal, coding, mimo, procedure, rf, core, session, ue
a letter of the index terms.md#index-h
a section of this page terms.md#terms-tree, #terms-groups, #terms-paths, #terms-index, #terms-all

The # beside a level, a theme or a term row is that link, ready to copy. Every concept badge in the hierarchy, every entry in the index and every prerequisite in a path is itself a link to the concept's page — nothing on this page is a dead end.


The themes — the eleven subjects

A hierarchy answers what before what. It does not say what the folder is about. Every concept belongs to exactly one theme, and a theme is the unit worth reading in one sitting — which is why the eleven group notes are organised this way too.

The last column is measured, not declared. Whichever note mentions a theme's concepts most is where that theme is really developed, whatever anyone intended.

The themes — the layer above the concepts. Every term belongs to exactly one, and a theme is the unit worth reading in one sitting.
The theme name links to that block of the registry (terms.md#group-grid and so on); the "developed in" column is the two notes with the most mentions of that theme's concepts, counted at page load.

Where the debt is heaviest

The ordering is the whole point. A concept used ninety times without a definition costs a reader far more than one used twice, so the backlog is sorted by how hard the existing notes already lean on it. The top of this list is what to write next, and it is computed, not chosen.

It is currently empty, which is the intended state — but the widget stays on the page, because the moment a note starts using a concept that is not in terms.json, or one is added as planned, it reappears here at the position its usage earns.

Every tracked concept has a section of its own. Nothing outstanding.

The hierarchy — what to learn before what

A list of concepts does not say which to read first. terms.json gives each term its direct prerequisites, and the widget turns those into a graph: a term's level is the number of ideas that must be understood in sequence before it.

How to read a level. Level 0 needs nothing — those are the places to start. Level 5 means five ideas stacked one on another come first. Nothing on a level depends on anything else on the same level, so a level can be read in any order; but no level before the one above it.

Inside a level, the concepts are split by theme and ordered by how heavily the notes already use them. A level is otherwise a bag of unrelated ideas that happen to be equally deep — level 4 holds a resource block, a modulation scheme and a random-access channel, and reading them as one line teaches nothing. Each level is linkable as terms.md#level-4, and every term page's card links straight at its own level.

The level is the longest chain, not the count. PDSCH is level 12 and has 30 prerequisites in total — 12 is how deep the deepest strand goes, 30 is how many concepts it touches.

The graph is checked, not trusted. The widget reports a cycle, a prerequisite naming a term that does not exist, a term with no needs list at all, and — the pedagogical one — a concept better explained than something it depends on, which is a hole a reader would fall into while following the chain downwards.

Figure 1: The spine of the hierarchy - one representative concept per level from the ground to the deepest, with the level number. It is a simplification: most levels hold several concepts, and the full picture is the table below. The point of the figure is the shape - everything in 5G's physical layer is built on a subcarrier, and the distance from there to a scheduled transmission is about a dozen ideas.
The concept hierarchy — level N means N ideas must be understood in sequence before it. Nothing on a level depends on anything else on the same level, so a level can be read in any order; within a level the concepts are split by theme, heaviest use first.
Level 0 · 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13
LevelConcepts, by theme
0 #
4
Start here — nothing comes before these
1 #
6
After level 0
2 #
10
After level 1
3 #
9
After level 2
4 #
15
After level 3
5 #
14
After level 4
6 #
11
After level 5
7 #
13
After level 6
8 #
8
After level 7
9 #
8
After level 8
10 #
6
After level 9
11 #
6
After level 10
12 #
7
After level 11
13 #
1
After level 12
Deepest chain: PUSCH at level 13. Colours are the explained / partial / not-yet states; a theme name links to that theme in the registry, a concept to its own page. Any level is linkable as terms.md#level-13.
Registry in step with the notes — every location resolved, every term used. Scanned live at page load.

Worked paths — before X, learn these

The path mode answers the question directly for any term, and takes either a name or a key — the row in the modes table above shows the syntax. Three worked examples follow; the same call works for all 118 concepts.

Before PDSCH
To understand PDSCH (level 12) you first need 30 other concepts. Read them in this order — everything on one line can be read in any order, but no line before the one above it:
Immediately before PDSCH: Transport channel, Resource block, Transport block size, DM-RS, DCI.
Before CQI
To understand CQI (level 11) you first need 17 other concepts. Read them in this order — everything on one line can be read in any order, but no line before the one above it:
Immediately before CQI: CSI, MCS.
Before HARQ
To understand HARQ (level 10) you first need 10 other concepts. Read them in this order — everything on one line can be read in any order, but no line before the one above it:
Immediately before HARQ: CRC, Rate matching, Transport block.

Index — every name, A to Z

A reader does not meet a concept by its registry name. They meet BCCH, or hybrid ARQ, or BG2, in the middle of a note, and need to know which idea owns that word. This index lists every concept and every alias the registry knows — the other spellings, and the named members a concept enumerates — each pointing at the page that explains it.

Index — 118 concepts and 109 of their other names, alphabetically. A greyed entry is an alias and points at the concept that owns it.
Letter A · B · C · D · E · F · G · H · I · L · M · N · O · P · Q · R · S · T · U · V · Z · #
AAI/ML in the RAN L9 · AMF L2 · Antenna port L4 · AUSF L3
BBandwidth part L6 · BCCH → Logical channel · BCH → Transport channel · beam → Beamforming · Beamforming L7 · BG1 → LDPC · BG2 → LDPC · BPSK → Modulation · BWP → Bandwidth part
CC-RNTI → RNTI · CA → Carrier aggregation · Carrier aggregation L7 · CCCH → Logical channel · CCE → REG and CCE · Cell reselection L7 · Cell selection L6 · CM state L11 · CM-CONNECTED → CM state · CM-IDLE → CM state · Code block L7 · control plane / user plane split → CP/UP split · control-channel element → REG and CCE · CORESET L7 · CP → Cyclic prefix · CP-OFDM → OFDM · CP/UP split L2 · CQI L11 · CRB → Resource block · CRC L6 · CRS L6 · CS-RNTI → RNTI · CSI L7 · CSI-RS L5 · CUPS → CP/UP split · Cyclic prefix L3
Ddata network name → DNN · DCCH → Logical channel · DCI L9 · DFT-s-OFDM → OFDM · DL-SCH → Transport channel · DM-RS L5 · DNN L1 · DRX L10 · DTCH → Logical channel · duplex → TDD and FDD
EeMBB → URLLC and eMBB · Ethernet → PDU session type · EVM L5
FFDD → TDD and FDD · FR1 → FR1 and FR2 · FR1 and FR2 L0 · FR2 → FR1 and FR2 · Frame and subframe L4 · frequency range → FR1 and FR2
GG-RNTI → RNTI · GTP-U L5 · GUAMI → 5G-GUTI
HHARQ L10 · HARQ-ACK → HARQ · hybrid ARQ → HARQ
IIMEI → PEI · IMEISV → PEI · IMSI → SUPI · Initial access L9 · IPv4 → PDU session type · IPv4v6 → PDU session type · IPv6 → PDU session type
LLayer L5 · LDPC L8 · Link adaptation L12 · Logical channel L0
MMAC L6 · MCS L10 · MCS-C-RNTI → RNTI · MIMO L6 · mMTC → URLLC and eMBB · Modulation L4 · MSGB-RNTI → RNTI
NNAI → SUPI · NAS L8 · NEF L3 · Network function L1 · Network slice L1 · NF → Network function · NF service L4 · Non-Access Stratum → NAS · non-access stratum → NAS · NRF L5 · NSSF L2 · Numerology L4
OOFDM L1 · OFDM symbol L2
PP-RNTI → RNTI · Paging L12 · PAPR L2 · PBCH L8 · PCCH → Logical channel · PCF L2 · PCH → Transport channel · PDCCH L8 · PDCP L8 · PDSCH L12 · PDU session L3 · PDU session type L4 · PEI L4 · Physical layer L4 · PLMN selection L7 · PMI L8 · Point A L5 · Polar → Polar coding · Polar code → Polar coding · Polar coding L7 · Policy control L12 · PRACH L4 · PRB → Resource block · precoder → Precoding · Precoding L6 · PRS L4 · PSS → SS/PBCH block · PT-RS L5 · PUCCH L11 · PUSCH L13
QQCL → Quasi-co-location · QFI L4 · QoS flow L10 · QoS Flow ID → QFI · QPSK → Modulation · quasi co-located → Quasi-co-location · Quasi-co-location L5
RRA-RNTI → RNTI · RACH → PRACH · rank → RI · rank indicator → RI · Rate matching L9 · Reciprocity L6 · Reference point L1 · REG → REG and CCE · REG and CCE L5 · Registration L11 · Resource block L4 · Resource element L3 · resource elements → Resource element · resource-element group → REG and CCE · RI L8 · RLC L7 · RM state L10 · RM-DEREGISTERED → RM state · RM-REGISTERED → RM state · RNTI L7 · RRC L7
SS-NSSAI L2 · SBA → Service-based architecture · SBI L3 · Scheduling L10 · Scrambling L8 · SD → S-NSSAI · SDAP L9 · Search space L9 · semi-persistent → Scheduling · Service request L12 · Service-based architecture L2 · service-based interface → SBI · Session and Service Continuity mode → SSC mode · SI-RNTI → RNTI · Slot L3 · SMF L2 · SPS → Scheduling · SRS L7 · SS/PBCH → SS/PBCH block · SS/PBCH block L5 · SSB → SS/PBCH block · SSC mode L4 · SSS → SS/PBCH block · SST → S-NSSAI · Subcarrier L0 · subframe → Frame and subframe · SUCI L4 · SUPI L3
TTAI → Tracking area · TAI list → Tracking area · TB → Transport block · TBS → Transport block size · TC-RNTI → RNTI · TDD → TDD and FDD · TDD and FDD L5 · Tracking area L7 · tracking reference signal → TRS · Transport block L5 · Transport block size L11 · Transport channel L6 · TRS L6
UUDM L2 · UE capability L12 · UL-SCH → Transport channel · Unstructured → PDU session type · UPF L3 · URLLC → URLLC and eMBB · URLLC and eMBB L12 · USIM L1
VVRB → Resource block
Zzero-power → Zero-power CSI-RS · Zero-power CSI-RS L6 · ZP CSI-RS → Zero-power CSI-RS
#1024QAM → Modulation · 16QAM → Modulation · 256QAM → Modulation · 5G AKA L5 · 5G Core L0 · 5G QoS Identifier → 5QI · 5G-GUTI L4 · 5G-S-TMSI → 5G-GUTI · 5G-TMSI → 5G-GUTI · 5GC → 5G Core · 5GMM L9 · 5GMM-DEREGISTERED → 5GMM · 5GMM-DEREGISTERED-INITIATED → 5GMM · 5GMM-NULL → 5GMM · 5GMM-REGISTERED → 5GMM · 5GMM-REGISTERED-INITIATED → 5GMM · 5GMM-SERVICE-REQUEST-INITIATED → 5GMM · 5GSM L9 · 5QI L11 · 64QAM → Modulation
L is the level in the hierarchy. Every entry links to that concept's own page; the letters are linkable as terms.md#index-h.

Everything tracked

118 concepts tracked — 118 explained 0 partial 0 not yet · 2,793 mentions across the notes
Theme The grid and its units · The protocol stack · Channels — what carries what · Reference signals · Bits into a codeword · Space — layers, ports, reporting · Procedures over time · RF and system · The core network · Sessions, flows and slices · The device — identity, state, mobility
The grid and its units — 13/13 explained · levels 0–7 #
TermWhat it isLevelLearn firstStateExplained inPrimary clauseUsed
Slot #Fourteen symbols; the unit the scheduler works in3OFDM symbolexplainedterm-slotTS 38.211 §4.3.2139 in 5
Numerology #The single index μ that sets subcarrier spacing and slot length4Subcarrier, Slot, Cyclic prefixexplainedterm-numerologyTS 38.211 §4.2, Table 4.2-168 in 6
Cyclic prefix #A copy of the symbol's tail, prepended as a guard3OFDM symbolexplainedterm-cyclic-prefixTS 38.211 §5.3.157 in 6
OFDM #Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing — the waveform itself1Subcarrierexplainedterm-ofdmTS 38.211 §5.3.152 in 6
Subcarrier #One narrow tone of the OFDM grid0nothing — start hereexplainedterm-subcarrierTS 38.211 §4.4.447 in 4
Frame and subframe #10 ms and 1 ms — the only fixed durations in NR4Slotexplainedterm-frameTS 38.211 §4.3.143 in 3
Resource element #One subcarrier for one symbol — the smallest addressable thing3Subcarrier, OFDM symbolexplainedterm-resource-elementTS 38.211 §4.4.239 in 6
Resource block #Twelve consecutive subcarriers4Resource elementexplainedterm-resource-blockTS 38.211 §4.4.4.433 in 5
Bandwidth part #A configured window of the carrier a device actually uses6Resource block, Point Aexplainedterm-bandwidth-partTS 38.213 §12, TS 38.211 §4.4.520 in 2
CORESET #The configured region PDCCH may occupy7REG and CCE, Bandwidth partexplainedterm-coresetTS 38.211 §7.3.2.218 in 4
Point A #The origin all frequency numbering is measured from5Resource block, Numerologyexplainedterm-point-aTS 38.211 §4.4.4.217 in 2
OFDM symbol #One time step of the grid, plus its cyclic prefix2OFDMexplainedterm-ofdm-symbolTS 38.211 §4.3.2, §5.3.115 in 4
REG and CCE #The units PDCCH is built from5Resource block, OFDM symbolexplainedterm-regTS 38.211 §7.3.2.1, §7.3.2.25 in 1
The protocol stack — 9/9 explained · levels 0–9 #
TermWhat it isLevelLearn firstStateExplained inPrimary clauseUsed
Transport block #The opaque block MAC hands to layer 15Physical layerexplainedterm-transport-blockTS 38.202 §4.140 in 4
RRC #Radio resource control — the configuration protocol7MACexplainedterm-rrcTS 38.33139 in 6
Transport channel #How information is to be carried6Transport block, Logical channelexplainedterm-transport-channelTS 38.300 §6.2.136 in 2
SDAP #Maps a QoS flow to a radio bearer9PDCPexplainedterm-sdapTS 37.32435 in 4
Physical layer #Layer 1 — what turns a transport block into radio4Resource elementexplainedterm-physical-layerTS 38.202 §422 in 6
MAC #Medium access control — multiplexing, HARQ, the scheduler6Transport block, Logical channelexplainedterm-macTS 38.32121 in 4
RLC #Radio link control — segmentation and ARQ7MACexplainedterm-rlcTS 38.32215 in 3
PDCP #Ciphering, integrity, ordering, duplicate removal8RLCexplainedterm-pdcpTS 38.32315 in 4
Logical channel #What kind of information this is0nothing — start hereexplainedterm-logical-channelTS 38.300 §6.2.214 in 4
Channels — what carries what — 6/6 explained · levels 4–13 #
TermWhat it isLevelLearn firstStateExplained inPrimary clauseUsed
PDSCH #Physical downlink shared channel — the data12Transport channel, Resource block, Transport block size, DM-RS, DCIexplainedterm-pdschTS 38.211 §7.3.1115 in 10
PDCCH #Physical downlink control channel — the assignment8CORESET, REG and CCE, Polar codingexplainedterm-pdcchTS 38.211 §7.3.235 in 5
PBCH #Physical broadcast channel — how to join a cell8SS/PBCH block, Polar codingexplainedterm-pbchTS 38.211 §7.3.3, §7.4.329 in 6
PUSCH #Physical uplink shared channel — the mirror of PDSCH13PDSCH, PAPRexplainedterm-puschTS 38.211 §6.3.1, TS 38.214 §616 in 4
PRACH #Physical random access channel — the first thing a device sends4OFDM symbol, Cyclic prefixexplainedterm-prachTS 38.211 §6.3.3, TS 38.213 §815 in 5
PUCCH #Physical uplink control channel — where HARQ-ACK and CSI go11OFDM symbol, HARQ, CSIexplainedterm-pucchTS 38.211 §6.3.2, TS 38.213 §913 in 4
Reference signals — 9/9 explained · levels 4–7 #
TermWhat it isLevelLearn firstStateExplained inPrimary clauseUsed
SRS #Sounding reference signal — the uplink probe7Resource element, Antenna port, Reciprocityexplainedterm-srsTS 38.211 §6.4.1.4, TS 38.214 §6.2.171 in 7
SS/PBCH block #The object a device with no knowledge finds first5OFDM symbol, Resource blockexplainedterm-ssbTS 38.211 §7.4.347 in 6
DM-RS #Demodulation reference signal — inside the allocation5Resource element, Antenna portexplainedterm-dmrsTS 38.211 §7.4.1.127 in 3
CSI-RS #Channel state information reference signal5Resource element, Antenna portexplainedterm-csi-rsTS 38.211 §7.4.1.5, TS 38.214 §5.1.6.124 in 5
PT-RS #Phase tracking reference signal5Resource element, Modulationexplainedterm-pt-rsTS 38.211 §7.4.1.212 in 4
CRS #LTE's cell-specific reference signal — the always-on NR abolished6DM-RSexplainedterm-crsTS 36.211 §6.10.111 in 3
PRS #Positioning reference signal4Resource element, OFDM symbolexplainedterm-prsTS 38.211 §7.4.1.7, TS 38.214 §5.1.6.58 in 3
Zero-power CSI-RS #A declared hole — a signal that is not transmitted6CSI-RSexplainedterm-zp-csi-rsTS 38.211 §7.4.1.5, TS 38.214 §5.1.46 in 3
TRS #CSI-RS configured for tracking6CSI-RSexplainedterm-trsTS 38.214 §5.1.6.1.16 in 2
Bits into a codeword — 9/9 explained · levels 4–11 #
TermWhat it isLevelLearn firstStateExplained inPrimary clauseUsed
Modulation #QPSK to 1024QAM — bits per resource element4Resource elementexplainedterm-modulationTS 38.211 §5.1, Table 7.3.1.2-1115 in 8
LDPC #Low-density parity-check coding — NR's data code8Code blockexplainedterm-ldpcTS 38.212 §5.3.2, §7.2.240 in 2
MCS #Modulation and coding scheme — five bits, four tables10Modulation, Rate matchingexplainedterm-mcsTS 38.214 §5.1.3.136 in 5
Rate matching #The circular buffer that sets the actual code rate9LDPCexplainedterm-rate-matchingTS 38.212 §5.4.228 in 4
CRC #Cyclic redundancy check — the verdict, not the correction6Transport blockexplainedterm-crcTS 38.212 §5.1, §7.2.123 in 3
Code block #A piece of a transport block, sized for the decoder7Transport block, CRCexplainedterm-code-blockTS 38.212 §5.2.216 in 1
Transport block size #How many bits fit in the container11Resource element, MCS, Layer, DM-RSexplainedterm-tbsTS 38.214 §5.1.3.212 in 2
Scrambling #Whitening, and making a mis-addressed decode fail8Transport block, RNTIexplainedterm-scramblingTS 38.211 §5.2.1, §7.3.1.19 in 4
Polar coding #The code used for control, not data7CRCexplainedterm-polarTS 38.212 §5.3.1, §7.3.38 in 3
Space — layers, ports, reporting — 11/11 explained · levels 4–11 #
TermWhat it isLevelLearn firstStateExplained inPrimary clauseUsed
Layer #One spatial stream5Antenna port, Modulationexplainedterm-layerTS 38.211 §7.3.1.377 in 12
CSI #Channel state information — what the device reports back7CSI-RS, Precodingexplainedterm-csiTS 38.214 §5.231 in 5
CQI #Channel quality indicator — a statement about a hypothetical PDSCH11CSI, MCSexplainedterm-cqiTS 38.214 §5.2.2.127 in 5
Antenna port #A channel property, not a piece of metal4Resource elementexplainedterm-antenna-portTS 38.211 §4.4.123 in 5
Precoding #The matrix the transmitter applies — and why NR hides it6Layerexplainedterm-precodingTS 38.211 §7.3.1.4, TS 38.214 §5.2.2.220 in 5
Beamforming #Aiming energy rather than spraying it7Precodingexplainedterm-beamformingTS 38.214 §5.1.6.1.212 in 4
Reciprocity #Why an uplink measurement answers a downlink question6TDD and FDDexplainedterm-reciprocityTS 38.214 §6.2.1.211 in 3
PMI #Precoding matrix indicator8CSI, Precodingexplainedterm-pmiTS 38.214 §5.2.2.210 in 3
MIMO #Many antennas at both ends6Layerexplainedterm-mimoTS 38.214 §5.1.1, §5.2.210 in 4
RI #Rank indicator — how many layers the link can carry8CSI, Layerexplainedterm-riTS 38.214 §5.2.27 in 4
Quasi-co-location #Two ports sharing the channel's large-scale properties5Antenna portexplainedterm-qclTS 38.211 §4.4.1, TS 38.214 §5.1.56 in 3
Procedures over time — 9/9 explained · levels 7–12 #
TermWhat it isLevelLearn firstStateExplained inPrimary clauseUsed
DCI #Downlink control information — the assignment itself9PDCCH, RNTIexplainedterm-dciTS 38.212 §7.338 in 4
HARQ #Hybrid ARQ — the standing bet, settled every slot10CRC, Rate matching, Transport blockexplainedterm-harqTS 38.300 §6.2.4, TS 38.321 §5.3.237 in 6
Scheduling #Who gets the grid, this slot10DCI, MACexplainedterm-schedulingTS 38.213 §10, TS 38.321 §5.423 in 7
RNTI #Radio network temporary identifier — the address that is not a field7CRCexplainedterm-rntiTS 38.321 §7.117 in 5
AI/ML in the RAN #Learning inside the radio, and at what timescale9CSI, PMIexplainedterm-ai-mlTS 38.214 §5.2.1.4.2, TR 38.84313 in 3
Initial access #From nothing to connected9SS/PBCH block, PBCH, PRACH, RNTIexplainedterm-initial-accessTS 38.213 §4, §810 in 6
DRX #Discontinuous reception — how a device sleeps10MAC, Search spaceexplainedterm-drxTS 38.321 §5.78 in 4
Search space #Where a device looks for a DCI, and how often9PDCCH, RNTIexplainedterm-search-spaceTS 38.213 §10.17 in 3
RF and system — 6/6 explained · levels 0–12 #
TermWhat it isLevelLearn firstStateExplained inPrimary clauseUsed
FR1 and FR2 #The two frequency ranges, and why they behave differently0nothing — start hereexplainedterm-fr1-fr2TS 38.101-1 §5.1, TS 38.101-2 §5.150 in 6
URLLC and eMBB #The service classes, as configurations12HARQ, Numerology, CQIexplainedterm-urllcTR 38.913 §7.5, §7.922 in 4
TDD and FDD #Sharing a frequency in time, or using two5Slot, Frame and subframeexplainedterm-tdd-fddTS 38.213 §11.115 in 3
PAPR #Peak-to-average power ratio2OFDMexplainedterm-paprTS 38.211 §6.3.1.49 in 4
EVM #Error vector magnitude — the transmitter's own noise floor5Modulationexplainedterm-evmTS 38.101-1 §6.4.27 in 4
Carrier aggregation #Several carriers, one device7Bandwidth part, MACexplainedterm-carrier-aggregationTS 38.101-1 §5.5, TS 38.213 §105 in 2
The core network — 16/16 explained · levels 0–5 #
TermWhat it isLevelLearn firstStateExplained inPrimary clauseUsed
AMF #Access and Mobility Management Function — the device's one contact in the core2Network function, Reference pointexplainedterm-amfTS 23.501 §6.2.158 in 6
Reference point #The N-numbers, and what each one joins15G Coreexplainedterm-reference-pointTS 23.501 §4.2.327 in 4
SMF #Session Management Function — the function that owns a PDU session2Network function, Reference pointexplainedterm-smfTS 23.501 §6.2.226 in 5
SBI #Service-based interface — HTTP/2 and JSON between network functions3Service-based architectureexplainedterm-sbiTS 29.500 §5.123 in 3
UPF #User Plane Function — the only function a data packet actually touches3CP/UP splitexplainedterm-upfTS 23.501 §6.2.322 in 4
Network function #A named part of the core, defined by the services it offers15G Coreexplainedterm-network-functionTS 23.501 §6.216 in 3
UDM #Unified Data Management — where the subscription lives2Network functionexplainedterm-udmTS 23.501 §6.2.716 in 5
5G Core #The core network behind the RAN, and the one decision that reshaped it0nothing — start hereexplainedterm-5gcTS 23.501 §4.215 in 4
AUSF #Authentication Server Function — the function that decides the device is who it claims3UDMexplainedterm-ausfTS 23.501 §6.2.813 in 4
Service-based architecture #The core as a set of services, not a set of nodes2Network functionexplainedterm-sbaTS 23.501 §7.110 in 3
CP/UP split #Why the function that forwards packets holds no session state2Reference pointexplainedterm-cp-up-splitTS 23.501 §8.2, §6.2.310 in 3
PCF #Policy Control Function — the rules a session must obey2Network functionexplainedterm-pcfTS 23.501 §6.2.4, TS 23.503 §6.19 in 3
NSSF #Network Slice Selection Function — which slice, and therefore which AMF2Network sliceexplainedterm-nssfTS 23.501 §6.2.14, §5.15.59 in 4
NRF #NF Repository Function — the register every function looks the others up in5NF serviceexplainedterm-nrfTS 23.501 §6.2.68 in 3
NEF #Network Exposure Function — the core's front door for anything outside it3Service-based architectureexplainedterm-nefTS 23.501 §6.2.57 in 2
NF service #A named capability one function offers another, and how it is found4SBIexplainedterm-nf-serviceTS 23.501 §7.1.23 in 1
Sessions, flows and slices — 11/11 explained · levels 1–12 #
TermWhat it isLevelLearn firstStateExplained inPrimary clauseUsed
QoS flow #The finest grain at which the network promises anything10QFI, SDAPexplainedterm-qos-flowTS 23.501 §5.7.129 in 4
PDU session type #IPv4, IPv6, IPv4v6, Ethernet, Unstructured4PDU sessionexplainedterm-pdu-session-typeTS 23.501 §5.6.123 in 2
PDU session #The connection itself — a device, a data network, and everything between3SMF, DNNexplainedterm-pdu-sessionTS 23.501 §5.6.121 in 4
5QI #One number standing for a whole set of promises11QoS flowexplainedterm-5qiTS 23.501 §5.7.2, Table 5.7.4-116 in 3
S-NSSAI #How a slice is named, and how many a device may hold at once2Network sliceexplainedterm-s-nssaiTS 23.501 §5.15.216 in 3
DNN #Data Network Name — which network you are asking to reach15G Coreexplainedterm-dnnTS 23.501 §5.9.6, §5.6.112 in 2
GTP-U #The tunnel that carries a packet across N35QFI, UPFexplainedterm-gtp-uTS 23.501 §8.3, §5.7.1.112 in 4
Policy control #PCC rules and URSP — the rules that decide a session's shape12PCF, 5QIexplainedterm-policyTS 23.503 §6.1, §6.6.212 in 3
SSC mode #What happens to your IP address when you move4PDU session, UPFexplainedterm-ssc-modeTS 23.501 §5.6.911 in 3
QFI #QoS Flow Identifier — six bits in a tunnel header4PDU sessionexplainedterm-qfiTS 23.501 §5.7.1.18 in 3
Network slice #One physical network, several logical ones15G Coreexplainedterm-network-sliceTS 23.501 §5.154 in 2
The device — identity, state, mobility — 19/19 explained · levels 1–12 #
TermWhat it isLevelLearn firstStateExplained inPrimary clauseUsed
Paging #Waking a device that is not listening, and the ten bits that decide when12CM state, 5G-GUTI, DRXexplainedterm-pagingTS 38.304 §7.1, TS 23.501 §5.9.431 in 5
NAS #The protocol between the device and the core, which the RAN only carries8RRC, AMFexplainedterm-nasTS 24.501 §430 in 6
SUCI #The permanent name, encrypted — 5G's answer to the IMSI catcher4SUPI, USIMexplainedterm-suciTS 23.501 §5.9.2a, TS 33.501 §6.12.227 in 4
CM state #Whether a NAS signalling connection exists at this moment11RM state, RRCexplainedterm-cm-stateTS 23.501 §5.3.3.227 in 3
5G-GUTI #The temporary name, which is also a routing address4SUPI, AMFexplainedterm-5g-gutiTS 23.501 §5.9.426 in 5
Registration #How a device becomes known to the core11RM state, Initial access, 5G AKAexplainedterm-registrationTS 24.501 §5.5.1, TS 23.502 §4.2.2.226 in 5
Tracking area #The granularity at which the core knows where you are7Cell selectionexplainedterm-tracking-areaTS 23.501 §5.3.2.323 in 3
SUPI #Subscription Permanent Identifier — the permanent name of a subscription3UDMexplainedterm-supiTS 23.501 §5.9.222 in 2
5GMM #The device's mobility-management state machine9NASexplainedterm-5gmmTS 24.501 §5.1.3.220 in 2
PLMN selection #Choosing a network before choosing a cell7Cell selectionexplainedterm-plmn-selectionTS 23.122 §418 in 4
Cell selection #The S criterion — the inequality a device must satisfy to camp6SS/PBCH block, FR1 and FR2explainedterm-cell-selectionTS 38.304 §5.2.3.216 in 3
5GSM #Session management, carried inside NAS but not read by the AMF9NAS, PDU sessionexplainedterm-5gsmTS 24.501 §6.1.315 in 4
RM state #Registered or not — what the core knows about where you are105GMMexplainedterm-rm-stateTS 23.501 §5.3.2.215 in 2
5G AKA #How the device and the network prove themselves, and what they derive5SUCI, AUSFexplainedterm-security-contextTS 33.501 §6.1.3.211 in 4
PEI #Permanent Equipment Identifier — the identity of the hardware, not the subscription4SUPIexplainedterm-peiTS 23.501 §5.9.310 in 1
Service request #Going from idle to connected, from either end12CM stateexplainedterm-service-requestTS 24.501 §5.6.1, TS 23.502 §4.2.3.210 in 4
USIM #The one thing in the device the operator actually trusts15G Coreexplainedterm-usimTS 33.501 §6.12.2, Annex C9 in 3
UE capability #What this particular device can do, and who is allowed to remember it12Registration, RRCexplainedterm-ue-capabilityTS 38.306, TS 38.3314 in 2
Cell reselection #Ranking, priorities and hysteresis — how a camped device moves7Cell selectionexplainedterm-cell-reselectionTS 38.304 §5.2.43 in 1
Registry in step with the notes — every location resolved, every term used. Scanned live at page load.

The same ideas, in code

The concept map has a second half, and it is not prose. 5G Simulation/ is a from-scratch NR simulator written from the same specification snapshot as these notes: the notes say what the standard requires, the simulator says it in code and checks that the arithmetic closes.

The two are joined on the 3GPP clause, and on nothing else. Every concept below carries a clause; every module of the simulator cites the clauses it implements. Neither side declares anything about the other, so neither can go stale — and no edit is needed anywhere when a module starts citing a new clause. It simply appears here, and on that concept's own page, on the next page load.

Widget not found: sim_status

Two relations are reported and they are not the same claim: exact means a module cites precisely the clause the concept names, within that it cites a subclause of it. A module citing a parent clause is deliberately not counted — the step it names is broader than the concept, and counting it would let a chain that merely walks past a clause claim to implement everything beneath it. That rule was written after the join caught the simulator's own chain.py claiming TS 38.211 §7.3.1.4, which is precoding, from a step that only counts resource elements.


How this is kept honest

The same discipline as the rest of the folder: the widget scans, the JSON judges. Nothing that can be counted is ever typed into terms.json.

What the widget checks on every page load, and reports in red if it fails:

  1. A term marked explained or partial must give a where of the form file.md#anchor — and that file must exist and really carry that anchor. Rename a section and the map says so.
  2. A term marked not yet must not give a location.
  3. Every term in terms.json must be mentioned by at least one note. A term nothing uses is either a mistake or a concept the folder has quietly dropped.
  4. The reverse direction too: any acronym the notes use three or more times that is not in terms.json is listed as a candidate. The registry cannot fall behind the writing, because the writing reports itself.

Adding a concept

When a note starts using a new idea, add it to terms.json in the same pass — name, full, group, state, spec, why, and note if it deserves a file of its own. Then declare its other names, and mind which of the three keys they belong in: aka for another spelling of the same idea (hybrid ARQ for HARQ), covers for the named members it enumerates (QPSK and 256QAM are two of the six modulations, not two ways of writing the word), and scan for a word that merely proves the idea is in play. All three count as a mention; aka and covers are printed on the concept's card and listed in the index, under labels that say which they are.

When a concept finally gets its section, change state to explained and set where to the anchor. The link on this page starts working; the backlog gets shorter by one.

When the candidate list shows something that is not a concept — a surname printed in capitals inside a citation, a node label from a diagram — add it to NOT_CONCEPTS in ../widgets/fiveg_terms.py rather than inventing a term for it.

The modes, if you want this box elsewhere

Placeholder Renders
fiveg_terms the whole registry, grouped, with totals and warnings
fiveg_terms: summary one line — counts, and the heaviest unexplained terms
fiveg_terms: next the top six of the backlog, as a card
fiveg_terms: todo the full backlog, with what each note must explain
fiveg_terms: candidates acronyms the notes use that the registry lacks
fiveg_terms: tree the whole hierarchy, by level, split by theme inside each level
fiveg_terms: route the same order, flattened and numbered — the walk on learn.md
fiveg_terms: step <term> one concept's place in that walk — prev, next, progress, and what it unlocks a level up
fiveg_terms: groups the eleven themes — concepts, level span, and the note each is developed in
fiveg_terms: index A to Z of every concept and alias, each linking to its page
fiveg_terms: path <term> before this term, learn these — the full chain in learning order
fiveg_terms: grid one group — also stack, channel, signal, coding, mimo, procedure, rf
fiveg_terms: used nr-pdsch.md the concepts one note leans on, heaviest first — capped at twelve
fiveg_terms: used nr-pdsch.md all the same, uncapped

What each note assumes

The other direction: given a note, which concepts does it lean on, and how many of them are still undefined? This is the honest reading-difficulty measure — a note that leans on six unexplained ideas is harder than its word count suggests.

NR 1 · Frame structure
35 tracked concepts appear in nr-frame-structure.md — 0 not explained anywhere yet; the deepest sits at level 13. Heaviest use first, and the hierarchy says what comes before each:
TermLevelStateMentions hereExplained in
Slot3explained56term-slot
Numerology4explained46term-numerology
Cyclic prefix3explained44term-cyclic-prefix
Frame and subframe4explained38term-frame
Subcarrier0explained35term-subcarrier
OFDM1explained34term-ofdm
FR1 and FR20explained20term-fr1-fr2
Resource element3explained17term-resource-element
Bandwidth part6explained15term-bandwidth-part
Point A5explained15term-point-a
Resource block4explained13term-resource-block
SS/PBCH block5explained12term-ssb
PRACH4explained6term-prach
PDSCH12explained5term-pdsch
PBCH8explained5term-pbch
SRS7explained5term-srs
PAPR2explained5term-papr
OFDM symbol2explained4term-ofdm-symbol
PDCCH8explained4term-pdcch
PUSCH13explained4term-pusch
CSI-RS5explained4term-csi-rs
Antenna port4explained4term-antenna-port
Scheduling10explained4term-scheduling
PUCCH11explained3term-pucch
Modulation4explained3term-modulation
DM-RS5explained2term-dmrs
PT-RS5explained2term-pt-rs
Initial access9explained2term-initial-access
CORESET7explained1term-coreset
Physical layer4explained1term-physical-layer
PRS4explained1term-prs
Quasi-co-location5explained1term-qcl
Layer5explained1term-layer
Precoding6explained1term-precoding
Search space9explained1term-search-space
NR 2 · Sounding
28 tracked concepts appear in nr-srs.md — 0 not explained anywhere yet; the deepest sits at level 13. Heaviest use first, and the hierarchy says what comes before each:
TermLevelStateMentions hereExplained in
SRS7explained55term-srs
Slot3explained29term-slot
CSI7explained11term-csi
Reciprocity6explained9term-reciprocity
OFDM1explained8term-ofdm
Numerology4explained7term-numerology
OFDM symbol2explained6term-ofdm-symbol
TDD and FDD5explained5term-tdd-fdd
Beamforming7explained4term-beamforming
Modulation4explained3term-modulation
Scheduling10explained3term-scheduling
Resource block4explained2term-resource-block
PDSCH12explained2term-pdsch
PUSCH13explained2term-pusch
Antenna port4explained2term-antenna-port
Layer5explained2term-layer
Subcarrier0explained1term-subcarrier
Resource element3explained1term-resource-element
Cyclic prefix3explained1term-cyclic-prefix
Physical layer4explained1term-physical-layer
MAC6explained1term-mac
Transport block5explained1term-transport-block
Precoding6explained1term-precoding
RI8explained1term-ri
MIMO6explained1term-mimo
FR1 and FR20explained1term-fr1-fr2
PAPR2explained1term-papr
UE capability12explained1term-ue-capability
NR 3 · PDSCH
65 tracked concepts appear in nr-pdsch.md — 0 not explained anywhere yet; the deepest sits at level 13. Heaviest use first, and the hierarchy says what comes before each:
TermLevelStateMentions hereExplained in
PDSCH12explained85term-pdsch
Modulation4explained84term-modulation
Slot3explained49term-slot
Layer5explained44term-layer
LDPC8explained36term-ldpc
Transport block5explained33term-transport-block
Transport channel6explained33term-transport-channel
DCI9explained33term-dci
MCS10explained32term-mcs
HARQ10explained26term-harq
Rate matching9explained25term-rate-matching
PDCCH8explained22term-pdcch
CQI11explained22term-cqi
CRC6explained21term-crc
DM-RS5explained19term-dmrs
Resource element3explained18term-resource-element
Resource block4explained16term-resource-block
Code block7explained16term-code-block
SS/PBCH block5explained13term-ssb
Precoding6explained12term-precoding
CSI7explained12term-csi
Numerology4explained11term-numerology
CORESET7explained11term-coreset
MAC6explained11term-mac
Transport block size11explained11term-tbs
Subcarrier0explained10term-subcarrier
Physical layer4explained10term-physical-layer
Logical channel0explained10term-logical-channel
PBCH8explained10term-pbch
RNTI7explained9term-rnti
AI/ML in the RAN9explained8term-ai-ml
OFDM1explained7term-ofdm
SDAP9explained7term-sdap
FR1 and FR20explained7term-fr1-fr2
URLLC and eMBB12explained7term-urllc
PUSCH13explained6term-pusch
Scrambling8explained6term-scrambling
Antenna port4explained6term-antenna-port
Bandwidth part6explained5term-bandwidth-part
RLC7explained5term-rlc
PDCP8explained5term-pdcp
RRC7explained5term-rrc
PUCCH11explained5term-pucch
CRS6explained5term-crs
PMI8explained5term-pmi
Paging12explained5term-paging
OFDM symbol2explained4term-ofdm-symbol
Cyclic prefix3explained4term-cyclic-prefix
Frame and subframe4explained4term-frame
CSI-RS5explained4term-csi-rs
Link adaptation12explained4term-link-adaptation
Scheduling10explained4term-scheduling
PT-RS5explained3term-pt-rs
Beamforming7explained3term-beamforming
Search space9explained3term-search-space
SRS7explained2term-srs
MIMO6explained2term-mimo
DRX10explained2term-drx
QoS flow10explained2term-qos-flow
Zero-power CSI-RS6explained1term-zp-csi-rs
Polar coding7explained1term-polar
RI8explained1term-ri
Reciprocity6explained1term-reciprocity
EVM5explained1term-evm
5G Core0explained1term-5gc
The reference notes

Each of these was written to define a group of concepts rather than to explain one subject, so the right measure for them is coverage: how many of the terms they name they also define.

Modulation — the mapper, Gray mapping, normalisation, EVM, polar coding.

The stack — physical layer, MAC, RLC, PDCP, SDAP, RRC, and the seams between them.

Channels — PDCCH, CORESET, search space, RNTI, PBCH, initial access, PRACH, PUCCH, PUSCH.

Signals — CSI-RS, zero-power, TRS, PT-RS, SS/PBCH block, PRS, and the LTE CRS that NR still avoids.

Space — antenna port, QCL, MIMO, precoding, beamforming, the CSI framework, RI, PMI.

System — FR1/FR2, PAPR, duplexing, aggregation, scheduling, link adaptation, DRX, service classes, AI/ML.


The backlog in full

Everything not yet explained, with what a note on it has to cover and where it goes.

Every tracked concept has a section of its own. Nothing outstanding.
5G Systems Notes · The concept map Top · The route · Hub · Simulator ↗